Introduction to process-control concepts and the elements of a process-control system. Block diagram of a simple process-control loop and its elements. analogue and digital control systems. Overview of metrology and measurement. Errors & error analysis; Uncertainty analysis; Statistical methods. Mechanical and Electrical Engineering units. Instrumentation: Characteristics (statics and dynamics); Operational modes; Measurement accuracy; Measurement standards. Analog signal conditioning methods used in process-control systems; Passive methods and active methods; Operational amplifiers; Filters. Basic principles of digital signal processing: Digital-to-analogy converters (DAC); Analog-to-digital converters (ADC); Characteristics of digital data.